The Lost Symbol Chapter 90-92

CHAPTER 90In the dim light of the duomo College kitchen, Langdon and Katherine stood over the pot of water and stared at the transformed capst unmatchable below the surface. On the side of the roaring capst 1, an ceasedent pass was glowing.Langdon read the promising text, scarcely able to believe his eyes. He knew the pyramid was rumored to reveal a specific localization . . . but he had never imagined that the location would be quite this specific.Eight Franklin substantialA street name and address, he voicelessnessed, stunned.Katherine looked as amazed. I dont conquer whats in that location, do you?Langdon shook his head. He knew Franklin Square was virtuoso of the h angiotensin converting enzymest-to-goodnesser sections of Washington, but he wasnt familiar with the address. He looked at the circus tent of the capstone, and read downward, taking in the entire text.The sneaking(a) hideswithin The consecrateEight Franklin SquareIs in that respect some kind of Order on Franklin Square?Is thither a building that hides the undetermineding to a mystifying spiral staircase?Whether or not there was actu altogethery something inhumed at that address, Langdon had no idea. The important issue at this point was that he and Katherine had deciphered the pyramid and now possessed the information required to speech terms cocksuckers release.And not a moment too soon.The glowing arms on Langdons Mickey Mouse watch indicated that they had less than ten minutes to spare. bring forth the bode, Katherine give tongue to, motioning to a phone on the w all(prenominal) in the kitchen. straightawayThe abrupt arrival of this moment startled Langdon, and he found himself hesitating.Are we incontestable ab bulge tabu(a) this?I most certainly am.Im not recogniseing him boththing until we know neb is safe.Of course not. You remember the number, right?Langdon nodded and make his way over to the kitchen phone. He lifted the receiver and dialed the opuss ca rrell-phone number. Katherine came over and placed her head coterminous to his so she could listen in. As the pipeline began to ring, Langdon prepared himself for the eerie whisper of the homo who had tricked him earlier tonight.Finally, the call connected.There was no greeting, though. No voice. entirely the sound of breathing at the other(a) end.Langdon waited and thus finally spoke. I have the information you trust, but if you want it, youll have to give us incision.Who is this? a wo small-arms voice replied.Langdon jumped. Robert Langdon, he said reflexively. Who are you? For an vociferous he thought he mustiness have dialed incorrectly.Your name is Langdon? The wo hu piece of music beings sounded move. Theres somebody here asking for you.What? Im sorry, who is this? finishicer Paige Montgomery with Preferred Security. Her voice soak upmed shaky. peradventure you bottomland help us with this. About an hour ago, my partner responded to a 911 call in Kalorama Heights . . . a possible hostage situation. I lost all contact with her, and so I called backup and came to manipulate the residence. We found my partner dead in the backyard. The home owner was gone, and so we broke in. A cell phone was ringing on the lobby table, and I Youre inside(a)? Langdon demanded.Yes, and the 911 tip . . . was a good one, the woman stammered. perturbing if I sound rattled, but my partners dead, and we found a man world held here against his entrust. Hes in bad shape, and were working on him now. Hes been asking for deuce peopleone named Langdon and one named Katherine.Thats my brother Katherine blurted into the receiver, pressing her head circumferent to Langdons. I made the 911 call Is he okay?Actually, maam, hes . . . The womans voice cracked. Hes in bad shape. Hes missing his right hand . . .Please, Katherine urged. I want to talk to himTheyre working on him at the moment. Hes in and out of consciousness. If youre anywhere in the area, you should get over here. He obviously wants to natter you.Were about six-spot minutes away(p) Katherine said. and so I suggest you hurry. There was a muffled noise in the back fuzee, and the woman then re morose to the line. Sorry, it looks manage Im needed. Ill declare to you when you arrive.The line went dead.CHAPTER 91Inside Cathedral College, Langdon and Katherine bounded up the basement stairs and hurried down a darkened hallway spirit for a front exit. No longer did they hear the sounds of helicopter blades overhead, and Langdon matt-up apprehendful they could slip out un calln and recuperate their way up to Kalorama Heights to contain Peter.They found him. Hes alive.Thirty seconds earlier, when theyd hung up with the female trade protection guard, Katherine had hurriedly hoisted the moveing pyramid and capstone out of the water. The pyramid was gloss over dripping when she lowered it into Langdons leather dish. Now he could feel the pepperiness radiating done the leather. Excite ment over Peters discovery had temporarily trumped any further reflection on the capstones glowing messageEight Franklin Square but there would be cadence for that once they got to Peter.As they locomote the corner at the top of the stairs, Katherine halt short and pointed into a session room across the hall. Through the bay window, Langdon could see a smoothen black helicopter posing silent on the lawn. A lone(prenominal) pilot stood beside it, cladding away from them and talking on his radio. There was too a black Escalade with tinted windows parked nearby.Staying in the shadows, Langdon and Katherine moved into the sitting room, and peered out the window to see if they could see the rest of the field team. Thankfully, the extensive lawn outside the National Cathedral was empty.They must be inside the cathedral, Langdon said.Theyre not, a deep voice said behind them.Langdon and Katherine wheeled around to see who had spoken. In the doorway of the sitting room, two black-c lad figures aimed optical maser-sighted rifles at them. Langdon could see a glowing red dot dancing on his chest.Nice to see you again, Professor, said a familiar raspy voice. The elements parted, and the tiny form of theatre director Sato sliced effortlessly through, crossing the sitting room and stopping straightaway in front of Langdon. Youve made some exceedingly poor choices tonight.The law of nature found Peter Solomon, Langdon declared forcefully. Hes in bad shape, but hell live. Its over.If Sato was surprised Peter had been found, she did not show it. Her eyes were unflinching as she walked to Langdon and stopped exclusively inches away. Professor, I can assure you, this is nowhere near over. And if the law are now involved, it has only become more serious. As I t rare you earlier this evening, this is an extremely delicate situation. You never should have run away with that pyramid.Maam, Katherine blurted, I need to see my brother. You can have the pyramid, but you m ust letI must? Sato demanded, spinning to Katherine. Ms. Solomon, I assume? She stared at Katherine with fire in her eyes and then dour back to Langdon. determine the leather bag on the table.Langdon glanced down at the pair of laser sights on his chest. He set the leather bag on the burnt umber table. An componentive role approached cautiously, unzipped the bag, and pulled the two sides apart. A little puff of trapped steam billowed up out of the bag. He aimed his light inside, stared for a long, puzzled moment, and then nodded to Sato. Sato walked over and peered into the bag. The wet pyramid and capstone glistened in the beam of the flashlight. Sato crouched down, looking at very closely at the golden capstone, which Langdon realize she had only seen in X-ray.The inscription, Sato demanded. Does it mean anything to you? The hush-hush hides within The Order?Were not sure, maam.Why is the pyramid randy hot?We submerged it in boiling water, Katherine said without hesitation. It was part of the member of deciphering the code. Well tell you everything, but please let us go see my brother. Hes been throughYou boiled the pyramid? Sato demanded.Turn dark the flashlight, Katherine said. Look at the capstone. You can probably close up see.The agent flicked off his light, and Sato knelt down ahead the capstone. Even from where Langdon was standing, he could see that the text on the capstone was unagitated glowing slightly.Eight Franklin Square? Sato said, sounding amazed.Yes, maam. That text was written with an incandescent lacquer or something. The thirty-third degree was actuallyAnd the address? Sato demanded. Is this what this big cat wants?Yes, Langdon said. He believes the pyramid is a map that forget tell him the location of a great treasurethe key to unlocking the Ancient Mysteries.Sato looked again at the capstone, her expression one of disbelief. Tell me, she said, fear creeping into her voice, have you contacted this man yet? Have you already g iven him this address?We tried. Langdon explained what had happened when they called the mans cell phone.Sato listened, raceway her tongue over her yellow teeth as he spoke. disrespect looking ready to erupt with anger over the situation, she turned to one of her agents and spoke in a restrained whisper. Send him in. Hes in the SUV.The agent nodded and spoke into his transceiver.Send who in? Langdon said. The only person who has any hope of fixing the goddamn mess you madeWhat mess? Langdon fired back. Now that Peter is safe, everything isFor Christs sake Sato exploded. This is not about Peter I tried to tell you that at the Capitol Building, Professor, but you chose to work against me rather than with me Now youve made an ungodly mess When you destroyed your cell phone, which, by the way, we were tracking, you cut off your communication with this man. And this address you uncoveredwhatever the hell it isthis address was our one chance to make up this lunatic. I needed you to pl ay his game, to provide him with this address so we would know where the hell to catch himBefore Langdon could reply, Sato directed the oddment of her wrath at Katherine.And you, Ms. Solomon You knew where this maniac lived? Why didnt you tell me? You displace a rent-a-cop to this mans house? Dont you see youve ruined any chance we had of catching him there? Im glad your brother is safe, but let me tell you this, we are facing a crisis tonight whose ramifications far outreach your family. They will be felt all around the world. The man who took your brother has enormous power, and we need to catch him immediately.As she finished her tirade, the tall, elegant silhouette of warren Bellamy emerged from the shadows and stepped into the sitting room. He looked rumpled, bruised, and move . . . like hed been through hell.Warren Langdon stood up. Are you okay?No, he replied. non authentically.Did you hear? Peter is safeBellamy nodded, looking dazed, as if nothing mattered anymore. Yes , I still heard your conversation. Im glad.Warren, what the hell is going on?Sato intervened. You boys can catch up in a minute. Right now, Mr. Bellamy is going to reach out to this lunatic and communicate with him. Just like hes been doing all night.Langdon felt lost. Bellamy hasnt been communicating with this guy tonight This guy doesnt even know Bellamy is involvedSato turned to Bellamy and raised her eyebrows.Bellamy sighed. Robert, Im afraid I havent been entirely honest with you this evening. Langdon could only stare. I thought I was doing the right thing . . . Bellamy said, looking frightened. Well, Sato said, now you will do the right thing . . . and wed all better pray to perfection it works. As if to substantiate Satos portentous tone, the mantel clock began chiming the hour. Sato took out a Ziploc bag of items and tossed it to Bellamy. Heres your stuff. Does your cell phone take icons?Yes, maam.Good. Hold up the capstone.The message Malakh had just received was from hi s contactWarren Bellamythe Mason he had sent to the Capitol Building earlier tonight to assist Robert Langdon. Bellamy, like Langdon, wanted Peter Solomon back alive and had assured Malakh he would help Langdon acquire and decipher the pyramid. All night, Malakh had been receiving e-mail updates, which had been automatically forwarded to his cell phone.This should be interesting, Malakh thought, opening the message.From Warren Bellamygot separated from langdonbut finally have info youdemanded. proof attached.call for missing component part. wbone attachment (jpeg)Call for missing piece? Malakh wondered, opening the attachment.The attachment was a photo.When Malakh saw it, he gasped out loud, and he could feel his heart start pounding with excitement. He was looking at a close-up of a tiny golden pyramid. The legendary capstone The ornate engraving on the face carried a promising message The mystery hides within The Order.Beneath the inscription, Malakh now saw something that stun ned him. The capstone seemed to be glowing. In disbelief, he stared at the faintly radiant text and realized that the legend was literally true The masonic Pyramid transforms itself to reveal its secret to the worthy.How this magical transformation had occurred, Malakh had no idea, and he didnt care. The glowing text was understandably pointing to a specific location in D.C., exactly as prophesied. Franklin Square. Unfortunately, the photo of the capstone also included Warren Bellamys index finger, which was strategically positioned on the capstone to block out a critical piece of information. Thesecret hideswithin The OrderFranklin SquareCall for missing piece. Malakh now tacit Bellamys meaning.The Architect of the Capitol had been cooperative all night, but now he had elect to play a very dangerous game.CHAPTER 92Beneath the zippy gaze of several armed CIA agents, Langdon, Katherine, and Bellamy waited with Sato in the Cathedral College sitting room. On the cocoa table before th em, Langdons leather bag was still open, the golden capstone peeking out the top. The words Eight Franklin Square had now irresolute away, leaving no evidence that they had ever existed.Katherine had pleaded with Sato to let her go see her brother, but Sato had simply shaken her head, eyes fixed on Bellamys cell phone. It sat on the cocoa table and had yet to ring.Why didnt Bellamy just tell me the truth? Langdon wondered. Apparently, the Architect had been in contact with Peters captor all night, reassuring him that Langdon was making progress deciphering the pyramid. It was a bluff, an attempt to buy time for Peter. In fact, Bellamy was doing all he could to interfere with anyone who threatened to unveil the pyramids secret. Now, however, it seemed that Bellamy had switched sides. He and Sato were now prepared to risk the pyramids secret in hopes of catching this man. trail your hands off me shouted an elderly voice in the hall. Im blind, not inept I know my way through the coll ege Dean Galloway was still protesting loudly as a CIA agent manhandled him into the sitting room and agonistic him into one of the chairs.Whos here? Galloway demanded, his blank eyes staring dead ahead. It sounds like a lot of you. How many do you need to detain an old man? Really nowThere are seven of us, Sato declared. Including Robert Langdon, Katherine Solomon, and your Masonic brother Warren Bellamy.Galloway slumped, all his bluster gone.Were okay, Langdon said. And we just heard that Peter is safe. Hes in bad shape, but the police are with him.Thank heavens, Galloway said. And theA loud rattling caused everyone in the room to jump. It was Bellamys cell phone vibrating against the coffee table. Everyone fell silent.Okay, Mr. Bellamy, Sato said. Dont blow it. You know the stakes.Bellamy took a deep breath and exhaled. Then he reached down and pressed the speakerphone button to connect the call.Bellamy here, he said, speech production loudly toward the phone on the coffee tabl e.The voice that crackled back through the speaker was familiar, an airy whisper. It sounded like he was calling from a hands-free speakerphone inside a car. Its past midnight, Mr. Bellamy. I was about to put Peter out of his misery.There was an uneasy silence in the room. Let me talk to him.Impossible, the man replied. Were driving. Hes tied up in the trunk.Langdon and Katherine exchanged looks and then began shaking their heads at everyone. Hes bluffing He no longer has PeterSato motioned for Bellamy to keep pressing.I want proof that Peters alive, Bellamy said. Im not giving you the rest ofYour Worshipful Master require a doctor. Dont waste time with negotiations. Tell me the street number on Franklin Square, and Ill bring Peter to you there.I told you, I wantNow the man exploded. Or I will pull over and Peter Solomon dies this instantYou listen to me, Bellamy said forcefully. If you want the rest of the address, youll play by my rules. act as me at Franklin Square. Once you de liver Peter alive, Ill tell you the number of the building.How do I know you wont bring the government activity? Because I cant risk double-crossing you. Peters life is not the only card you hold. I know whats really at stake tonight.You do realize, the man on the phone said, that if I sense so much as a hint of anyone other than you at Franklin Square, I will keep driving, and you will never find even a trace of Peter Solomon. And of course . . . that will be the least of your worries.Ill come alone, Bellamy replied somberly. When you turn over Peter, Ill give you everything you need.Center of the square, the man said. It will take me at least twenty minutes to get there. I suggest you wait for me as long as it takes.The line went dead.Instantly, the room sprang to life. Sato began shouting orders. Several field agents grabbed their radios and headed for the door. Move MoveIn the chaos, Langdon looked to Bellamy for some kind of explanation as to what was actually going on tonight , but the older man was already being hurried out the door.I need to see my brother Katherine shouted. You have to let us goSato walked over to Katherine. I dont have to do anything, Ms. Solomon. Is that clear?Katherine stood her ground and looked desperately into Satos small eyes.Ms. Solomon, my top priority is apprehending the man at Franklin Square, and you will sit here with one of my men until I accomplish that task. Then, and only then, will we deal with your brother.Youre missing the point, Katherine said. I know exactly where this man lives Its literally five minutes up the road in Kalorama Heights, and there will be evidence there that will help you Besides, you said you want to keep this quiet. Who knows what Peter will start telling the authorities once hes stabilized.Sato pursed her lips, apparently registering Katherines point. Outside, the chopper blades began winding up. Sato frowned and then turned to one of her men. Hartmann, you take the Escalade. Transport Ms. Sol omon and Mr. Langdon to Kalorama Heights. Peter Solomon is not to speak to anyone. Is that understood?Yes, maam, the agent said.Call me when you get there. Tell me what you find. And dont let these two out of your sight. agent Hartmann gave a quick nod, pulled out the Escalade keys, and headed for the door.Katherine was right behind him.Sato turned to Langdon. Ill see you shortly, Professor. I know you think Im the enemy, but I can assure you thats not the case. Get to Peter at once. This isnt over yet.Off to one side of Langdon, Dean Galloway was sitting quietly at the coffee table. His hands had found the stone pyramid, which was still sitting in Langdons open leather bag on the table in front of him. The old man was running his hands over the stones warm surface.Langdon said, Father, are you glide slope to see Peter?Id just slow you down. Galloway removed his hands from the bag and zipped it up around the pyramid. Ill stay right here and pray for Peters recovery. We can all spe ak later. But when you show Peter the pyramid, would you please tell him something for me?Of course. Langdon hoisted the bag onto his shoulder.Tell him this. Galloway cleared his throat. The Masonic Pyramid has always unbroken her secret . . . sincerely.I dont understand.The old man winked. Just tell Peter that. He will understand.With that, Dean Galloway bowed his head and began praying.Perplexed, Langdon left him there and hurried outside. Katherine was already in the front seat of the SUV giving the agent directions. Langdon climbed in back and had barely closed the door before the lusus naturae vehicle was rocketing across the lawn, racing northward to Kalorama Heights.

‘Of Mice & Men’ †Character Analysis Essay

During chapter two of the novel Of Mice and Men, we are introduced to an other six divers(prenominal) characters as George and Lennie begin work on a invoke. These characters are the tribal chief, his son, Curley and Curleys wife, and the other itinerants confect, concentrate and Carlson.The first of these characters that we contact is dulcorate. Candy Is introduced as an disuse world with a sensible disability. Out of the sleeve came a go stick-like wrist, that no hand. His physical description shows that he cannot work on a farm, and we come across out later that he has been demoted to a cleaner. Candys behaviour and the way he speaks links to each other. At first he seems a bit hostile towards George and Lennie as he doesnt re solelyy welcome them. He accordingly(prenominal) starts to talk to them correctly and tells them well-nigh the ranch.Candy doesnt re eachy have any example values. When he talks just about the way the black steadfast germinate is beaten up by the boss, instead of expressing concern he laughs and jokes about it. This shows that he is real biased. George and Lennie and Candy draw in on right from the start, but George is very angry after the interview when Candy eavesdrops on a conversation between George and Lennie. Candy is a very lonely man with no family. The provided thing of significance to him is his mouse click, who is very much in parallel to him. The cut through is very old and half-blind. Both are alter and near the end of their working life.We learn a few things about the boss when Candy is telling George and Lennie about him. The first thing that Candy says about the boss is that he was very angry about them universe late. Wheres the hell them new men? He always takes all of his anger out on the nigger, showing that he is racist. The stable buck, Crooks, even has a crooked back which he got from being kicked by a horse. Despite all of this anger, Candy goes on say how skilful the boss is and abou t the Christmas where he bought a gallon of whiskey for the workers. Hes a pretty excellent fellow, but he excessively Gets pretty mad neartimes. We then experience the boss who stepped into the get on. As expected the boss is already angry about George and Lennie being late, but he is already suspicious. This is because George doesnt let Lennie speak and the boss assumes that there is something dodgy going on. The boss accuses George of stealing Lennies wages. You victorious his pay away from him? The boss is paranoid and doesnt really remember in friendship. He is very suspicious about them and asks George questions, forcing him to lie, Hes mycousin. The tone of voice that is used throughout the interview is angry and suspicious. He is angry at George and Lennie for being late and suspicious about Georges behaviour.The next character is the bosss son, Curley. Curley is described as A little stocky man. The clothes that he wears remind us of a typical cowboy. blue jean trous ers, a flannel shirt, a black, unfastened vest and a black coat. His thumbs were stuck in his belt, on each office of a square steel buckle. This shows us that he is not a labouring man and has a higher status. This is to a fault shown by the item that he stands confidently and arrogantly. He is broad, short and stocky, but also powerful. When George and Lennie meet Curley for the first time they immediately make an enemy. Right from the beginning Curley gives them a hostile reception when he walks him. He glanced coldly at George and then at Lennie. For some reason he seems to be facial gestureing for a fight, his hands closed into fists.Curley seems to have a problem with Lennie. Curley is very lesser and not like a normal man and is jealous of Lennie he sees Lennie as a threat. Lennie is huge and muscular, but Curley is small and stocky. Even though he symbolises a higher status he is morally and physically stunted. Curley is very violent for a small man and can be compared to George, as he is a worse version of George (George is tamed my Lennie. Of all the characters we have met so far most of them are physically or mentally disabled. Curley is very small and unman-like, Crooks has a crooked back, Candy only has one hand and Lennie is mentally disabled. Steinbeck is trying to show that even though America is the land of dreams, these people have been damaged by America. Crooks is also the target of racism. Even George is damaged by America as he has failed in life.Candy is the first person to talk about Curleys wife, who describes her as a tart. George and Lennie meet her for the first time when she is purportedly looking for Curley in the bunkhouse. We cannot say that this is the real reason because Curley would not be there and she would have seen Curley go home. This shows that she may be a lonely person, or may have gone there to flirt with some of the men. However, her behaviour doesnt seem flirtatious.Im trying to find Curley, Slim, shows us t hat she is not coming on to Slim, but her physical appearance says that she is. The use of red imagery symbolises danger, and Curleys wife is ample of countervail that is red, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made-up. Her finger nails were red. Not only is her make-up red, but so are her clothes, red muleslittle bouquets of red ostrich feathers. She is a scarlet and loose. She likes showing herself off and is not used to farm life, so she dresses quite provocatively. She is a femme fatale because Lennie is attracted to red. This links back to the woman in Weed who had a red dress. This woman is a danger to Lennie, and also to George and Lennies jobs. Lennie watched her, fascinated.Slim is the most respected man on the farm. He is described as a tall man who was well-built and strong. He is not crippled in any way like some of the other characters. Slim is a master-craftsmen He was well respected and revered by everyone on the farm and everyone would look up to him and fol low him, giving him situation over everyone else. Slim is very serious and intelligent and the prince of the ranch. This shows that everyone looks to him for guidance. His voice was very gentle. Slim doesnt need to shout to get attention and respect, remote Curley, who needs to fight and threaten. Slim can even hear things onward people say something.Slim seems God-like and unrealistic because Steinbeck shows him as too perfect. He is an omnipotent who is idealised and no one is like him. Slim is used as a moral yardstick to measure everyone else. He welcomes George and Lennie to the ranch. He does this in a friendly and gentle way. His tone was friendly. It invited confidence without demanding it. He is not suspicious like the boss and believes in friends travelling together. He doesnt seem hostile and gives George and Lennie a welcoming atmosphere and understands that George and Lennie look out for each other. George is also given the confidence to open up to George and reveal his true feelings about Lennie. George is able to trust Slim and knows that he will understand and not tell anyone.Carlson seems like a nice person from the start and by the way he welcomes George and Lennie. Glad to meet ya. Like Slim, he Carlson is described as a powerful, big-stomached man. He shows his respect to Slim and lets Slim go first. Carlson stepped back to let Slim precede him. However, we then find out that he is very insensitive. He begins a conversation about Slims dog and then talks about wanting to kill Candys dog. That dog of Candys is so God-damn old he cant hardly walk. Stinks like hell, tooWhynt you get Candy to shoot his old dog. Carlson wants to kill Candys dog because he is too old and smells and is a nuisance. This is very insensitive.

Being Congruent

Anchored on Carl Rogers speculation on the soulfulness-centered approach of understanding port and applying such an understanding to the healing process, the concept of congruity is among the highlights of this renowned theorists perspective. It is understood as a concept which usually starts or initiated by the therapist or practitioner and modelled to the client whereby the former displays to a greater extent(prenominal) of the actual person that he/she is and reducing denial of the real struggles or feelings that tip to be kept inside (Smith, 1997 Rogers, 1951).In the process, the client learns to unveil the real self rather than assume a facade which not still masks the real problems, doctor the therapeutic relationship increasingly difficult (Rogers, 1959). Rogers likely in his long years of exposure to different clients or patients, shew commonality in his interactions that help facilitate better recovery and congruence as modelled by a therapist eventually gained its place in his approach. My list (Roman numeral I) reflects specifically what I am like and quickly present a sketch on my person. There ar perspicuous similarities and the differences are thither as well.I thrust many characteristics that I gaze I have such as what I had just enumerated in the second set of list (II). The reason that there are differences especially the yearning on my part, for instance, to be less temperamental spring from the circumstance that because I am too tired from being dedicated and effective which are manifested in the works I do, I tend to be short-tempered or easily get irritated. In order for this to be attained, the legitimate need to be less serious or work-aholic and have more(prenominal) fun then, is easily understood or acceptable.This actually portrays a healthy tug of being real and aspiring to be more real to others in more ways than I am at present. Sufficient to say, basing on the idealization of the self by Rogers, I shape up to be a congruent person because I gain more insights of who I am. IV. Include an action point that provides details on how you provide strive for more congruency between your actual and ideal self. Action backsheesh There are some steps that had been coined by Rogers to put the theory in action, so to speak. To elaborate, the following are some of the most authoritative things that I allow for be doing or implementing for a targeted schedule. Step 1 I will examine my values what I cherish and make me thrills are among the things that are found under this step. Step 2 down to honour the values that I know are my treasures. Step 3 I would probably pay attention to my body such as my physical reaction to the things I dont want to do but was just forced to do because of what people might call increases incongruence. Every time I do this, I begin to arouse and increase my ability to say no, or being real especially. sense the inner peace and Step 4.As much as possible, I will s tart to remove or minimize encounters or activities leading to incongruence. The more I listen to the inner prodding that the most important things are given priority, and this vantage point becomes a pathway within the person to experience more confidence in expressing the real issues inside of him. The more I check whether what my actions are, no matter how seemingly trivial they may be, the more Id realize whether the discrepancies do exist and there are perhaps few improvements to narrow the dividing line.This results to being a pleasant person, able to fully accept inner failings and realizing that people eventually tend to follow suit. Reference Rogers, Carl . R. 1951. Client-Centered Counseling, Boston Houghton-Mifflin. Rogers, Carl . R. 1959. A theory of therapy, personality and social relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (ed. ). Psychology A try out of science. (pp. 184-256). N. Y. McGraw Hill. Smith, M. K. (1997, 2004) Carl Rogers a nd informal education, the Encyclopaedia of informal education. www. infed. org/thinkers/et-rogers. htm

Mr Groegaard

surround of Organization of the Environment Net kneads in and Around Organizations Learning points the rational perspective Discuss substitution elements in the rational system perspective of organizations. Discuss the concept of differentiations and its consequences How whitethorn we make out that Taylor did not considered elements of the social structure of the organization and how may we argue that he did? Discuss how the technological developments the last 20 years let revalidated or devastative the relevance of the rational perspective?How does goal setting work in organizations When does it work and when does it not? Discuss the importance of the talent of focussing in the rational perspective Agenda Introduction Rational establishment Taylor Payola Lecture on Organizations as rational systems Weber Weber Simon Wrap-up baptistry workshop Lecture on goals in organizations A Rational dodging Definition Organizations are collectives oriented and coordinated to the pursuit of relative special goals Organizations are collectivities that exhibit a relatively high degree of formalizationConscious pass on Organizations castrate with respect to specificity of goals Degree of formalization Consciousness Deliberation Organizations vary with respect to degree of rationality Specificity of goals Both with regard to strategies & implementation wherefore? How?Coots definition Organizations are collectivities oriented to the pursuit of relatively specific goals and exhibiting relatively highly formalized social structure Organizations as Rational Systems The period to which a series of actions is organized in such a centering as to lead to predetermined goals with maximum efficiency Scott, 2003 Tailors Scientific counseling Task analysis Motion studies clear tasks and goals the rule of reason change quality lower costs higher wages higher product 1856- 1915 Modern Times modern_times copy. Ova Labor-management cooperation, experimentation, Feedback Trai ning Mutual help and support render reduction Careful selection and development of people Irony 1 Taylor was fired from one of his Jobs Too successful Labor Unions complained about the excitement of 40% of the workers.

Catcher in They Rey – Holdens Contradictory Views of the World

With close up reference to pages 183-186 analyse Salingers use of language and structure, exploring Holdens hostile view of the world. On Page 183 Holden says you could tell the two hot- torpedos I was with werent enjoying it too much. They stayed close as hell to me, and the one that didnt allow the cat forbidden of the bag at all practically was holding onto my sleeve. Holden calls them hot shots because they acted imposter by bunking school and then lying about there creation no school. (P182). Throughout the fresh, Holden absorbms to cast a problem with the whole bringing close together of phoniness, to date at cadences, he himself acts imitative.Holden considers movies to be extremely sham and criticises his br other because he moved to Hollywood. Holden emphasises his hatred for Hollywood and movies throughout the novel. Holden states his problem with phonies on page 184 when he says Id have this rule that nobody could do anything phony when they visited me. I f anybody tried to do anything phony, they couldnt stay. He constantly demonstrates the idea that if people are phony its a bad thing. We see this on pages 72/73 when he is talk of the town about Ernie.He says that Ernie is a terrific snob and he wont hardly nonetheless talk to you unless youre a big shot or a celebrity or something. In this sentence, Holden implies that incisively because Ernie is well(p) at playing the piano he turn overs he can address people badly, as if he is better than them. This take cares to be Holdens briny dis manage about phoniness, the fact that people act phony because they estimate they are better than you. This is also shown on page 23 when Holden says that stradlater frozen himself up all the time because he was madly in distinguish with himself.He thought he was the handsomest guy in the whole of West cerebral hemisphere. He criticises Stradlaters love for himself because he sees this as an act of phoniness. date criticising people col lectible to their phoniness throughout the novel, Holden himself acts phony on multiple occasions. On pages 48-52, when talking to Ernest Morrows mother, he pretends to be a completely contrasting person to himself. He makes up a whole false function in order to look better in front of Ernests mother. His false persona has a different name, and likes Ernest, even though Holden himself doesnt have a high opinion of him.If somebody else were to do the resembling thing in front of Holden, he would undoubtedly call them phony. In chapter 17, when Holden goes on a date with whirl Hayes, he speaks just as posh as Sally does. This is shown when he says swell to see you too. Again, Holden is putting on a false persona in order for Sally to like him more. Throughout this whole chapter, Holden constantly criticises Sally on the expressive style she speaks and acts, yet speaks and acts just like she does. By doing this, Holden is contradicting himself.He doesnt seem to realise that he is acting just as phony ads Sally is. Holden seems to act this way in front of most girls. I think he does this because he sees other guys acting the same way with girls and he naturally copies them because he doesnt know how else to act. As a result, he contradicts himself often, moreover he just doesnt realise this. On page 183, Holden states that the tomb was so nice and peaceful, yet he goes on to say that you cant find a dimension thats nice and peaceful because there isnt any.Again, Holden is contradicting himself, but in a different way. He always seems to radically pitch his views establish on little things. On page 184, he dialog about his ideal future living in a confine away from the world. When talking about how his family could visit him he says that he would let D. B. come and visit him for a while if he asked a nice, quiet place for his writing. Again he is contradicting himself because he is now verbalise that there is a place which is nice and peaceful, even th ough he previously stated that there isnt any.This is a clear example of Holdens explosive state of mind, because he doesnt remember what he previously says and he doesnt seem to have any set views as he is always contradicting himself. solitude is a key theme in the novel, and it is represented through Holdens contradictions. On page 184, when talking about his ideal future living alone(predicate) in a cabin, he says, Id ask them all to visit me onetime(prenominal) if they wanted to, but I wouldnt insist or anything. This basically shows Holdens hopelessness for any type of relationship.Although he wants his family to visit him and keep him company, he doesnt want to admit it and therefore acts like he would invite them round as a favour to them, when really, it would make him feel better. On page 186, quintette is angry at Holden and Holden gets upset and feels guilty. this shows that he actually cares for Phoebe, even though he would never admit it. He shows this often thr oughout the novel when he talks highly about her. This idea is also shown on pages 122-123. Holden is so desperate for company that he just contacts anyone he could think of in order to have company.Even though he criticises these people based on their phoniness, he still wants their company. This reoccurs on page 134. Holden spends all that time criticising Luce, yet ends up practically begging him to stay with him because he is lonely. He even admits his loneliness to Luce . Im lonesome as hell, no kidding. This happens a kitty during the novel. In chapter 10, Holden meets triplet girls, who he refers to as pretty ugly and the three witches. He spends the majority of the chapter pretending to like them in order to have company, even though he constantly criticises them to us.He constantly complains to us about things that they do, yet at the end of the chapter on page 67 when they say they had to leave, he says that he tried to get them to stick around for a while. This shooter links together the last two points that I mentioned. Holden doesnt actually like the girls, yet he pretends he does so that he can have company. He also creates this false persona that is interested in the three girls. In order to do this, he had to use techniques that he has learnt from other people, even though he describes these other people as phony.Because he so socially unable, he takes techniques from others. What he doesnt realise is that by development these techniques, he himself is being a phony. You could say that deep down he knows that he does this a lot, yet he doesnt want to admit it to himself. In conclusion I think that Holden is highly contradictory about everything due to his troubled and confused state of mind. I think this is caused by the changes they are taking place in his life, such as getting kicked out of schools a lot and not understanding sexual relationships/feelings.

History of Globalization

globalization history Name Institution Scientist whitethorn approximate when the macrocosm was formed but people do non know how true this is. However, one thing is rattling clear the agency of our lives adopt channeld from the most primitive to very a very advanced. in brief in the world thither are sectors that are more certain more than another(prenominal)s owing to some reasons. Globalization is responsible for all these developments that gravel occurred at different paces (Appadurai, 2003). Globalization is the difference of time and the evolution of world.Hence its a term utilize to explain how the world is today, and diverges that have occurred right from the antiquated days to the present day. In a superficial description, orbiculateization is a phenomenon that has produced fundamental throws within societies. It covers a range of social, economic and political changes. Thus, global history foc social functions on the compassionate history and historic develop ments from many past(a) decades, though to some people it is a product of modern forces of change which cannot be projected all the way back to the old(a) decades.Globalization is no more set in stone than global history and theory it is accompanied by other concepts like information society, station industrial age, post modern age, and so on. Globalization is not a division of an archive in history, but it remains more of an explanatory, overarching concept for a series of actual handlees of transformation. Globalization is a process that, for a pine time, has been evolving. Different ideas and sassy developments are discovered as time prevail (Teichmann, 2003). The prudence, politics culture and military complexes follow their trends.though all these depend on where they are situated, the time and social class. Therefore globalisation is an open process that transforms the economic, political, social, heathenish and military institutions, which may be organizations lik e the church, state, family, companies and so forth. The major roles of globalisation are the expansion concentration and acceleration of worldwide relations. iodine of its characteristics is its influence on everything covered by rubric of culture. The cultural globalisation is normally driven by the chat technology and worldwide selling of western cultural industries.This was understood at the first process of normalization, as the global domination of Americans. It was at the expense of the traditional diversity. Then there was a difference and movements that started protesting against globalization and supporting local uniqueness, individuality and identity. The movements employ same technologies to pursue their own goal and they would ask for the worlds opinion. Roland Robertson termed this as Univesalization (Global policy forum, 2005). Globalization is traced far back in the outcome of Homo sapiens and the migration out of Africa to the world.Globalization is suggeste d as the process of migration was the central globalization driver, as it linked processes of demographic expansion and increasing density of human habitation. Through this, the population ontogenesisd and the intermingling of different people brought some old behaviors to an end. There is a near endless array of things that can be done to deal with global political problems, but space constraints have always limited us to issues of accountability and transparency. And people adapted to new adaptations, which are not constant and they vary with time.Through globalization the results of cultural change can be interpreted as hybridity. This means that new cultural elements being creatively adapted to mesh with existing ones and the people step by step adopt to the swiftly changing behavior. Most authors have described globalization as a fundamental change of categories of time and space, extensive routine of electronic mail and the reduction in telephone fees has created and shared immediateness and a virtual togetherness, produces fundamentals for worldwide social relations. This has increased drive of communication.In the economic globalization, there has been advancement in modes of transportation and technology, which have presumptuousness free securities industry ideology which has brought about fair quite a littles and services. Supply and guide have become very effective due to the liberation of market sources from governmental regulations. Most countries have taken the advantage of globalization. There is to a fault the advantageous use of the international financial institutions and regional trade agreements for availing paltry countries to reduce tariffs, to privatize state enterprises, and relax environmental and labor standards.The results increase in profits for investors but offered pittances to laborers (Ritzer, 2010). There has been improvement in the world of agriculture as compared to historic days for instance the people of Mesopotam ia used to use the shadoff method of irrigation, through globalization better methods have been researched and substantial like the use of water sprinklers, drip irrigation method just to mention. more than so there has been the development of high breed seed that assist the farmers get high yields of harvest.There are machinery powers that are used like the use tractors in ploughing the land and use combined harvesters to harvest wheat. This has drastically slowed down some cruel businesses like the slave trade and as strong as slavery. In the traditional era, politics was conducted by the national governments, who were responsible for maintaining trade protection and economic welfare of its citizens, land issues and also the human rights. Through globalization changes have occurred and this has forced the political activity to change also.Politics has taken placement through political integration schemes like united nations (U. N), European amalgamation NGOs ,World bank and international monetary fund, just to mention, more so civil societies organizations act all over the world by forming alliances with organizations in other countries instead of working through their governments. There will always be differences of the globalization ideas, being a series of academic literatures, across political, economy and social science that are more specifically concerned with post second international economic development and politics.Globalization theories see the process as driven by multiple transformations in human life, and its very difficult to unpick the factor which tends to be a key driver. Though that does not mean we at times are militant opponents of globalization. Globalization is reflexive to people people self consciously orient themselves to the world. For example, in businesses people explore global markets. People meet in trade fairs. There are inter marriages, inter social mingling, people change ideas and also communication sighs.Globalizat ion contributes to human trafficking, most people through migrations, as people form 3rd world countries want to migrate to well develop countries in such of employment. Then if they fail to get the trick they involve themselves with immorality. Also globalization encourages conflicts among different communities, as some communities wants to demo greater than others. This superiority and minority complexes leads to misunderstandings amongst people which lead to tribal wars and so on.On the merit side of globalization, it has brought people through intermingling and there is advancement of communication and information technologies in that References Appadurai, A. (2003). Globalization. Durham u. a. Duke Univ. Press. Global policy forum. (2005). Globalization of the Economy. Retrieved edge 29, 2013 from http//www. globalpolicy. org/globalization/globalization-of-the-economy-2-1. html Ritzer, G. (2010). Globalization A basic text. Malden, MA Wiley-Blackwell. Teichmann, I. (2003). Globalization. northeast Mankato, Minn Smart Apple Media.

Social interactionism: an introduction, an interpretation, an integration Essay

A scheme is a unyielding base of general propositions that argon tested, regarded as correct and can be apply as rationales (Thomas, 2012 p243). Through the contr sham of sociology and some other disciplines, disparate theories shake off been developed. These theories ar developed with an aim of explaining contrastive f crops and make upts experienced by human beingnessse beings. Some of the proved theories include inter doings supposition, labeling surmise, morphologic functionalism conjecture, moral panic opening, strife theory among others. Interactionism theory refers to the ways hatful procedureion unbeliefs relating to favor adequate perception (Partington, 2009p.91). It provides the basis of how unmatchable mortal ascertains the other. It focuses on environmental contexts and body fashions alternatively than mental subprogrames. It brings an argument against devil different contemporary adventes that are the pretext theory and theory (TT).So cial fundamental fundamental fundamental interactionism theory explains language development punctuate on the intention of hearty interaction between linguistically familiar adults and a developing child (Leeman, 2008p.37). It is largely base on socio-cultural theories invented by soviet psychologist. There are other theories closely linked with interactionism theory. such(prenominal)(prenominal) theories include Labeling theory, Moral panic theory, structural functionalism theory, departure theory among others. This composition searingly explores and analyses interactionist theories of crime and deviance. It gives a critical assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the theories. Labeling theory, moral panics, structural functioning and conflict theories are also analyzed. The whole report introduces different theories, how they are developed, merits and demerits, and how they are link to human living.Interactionism theory Interactionists study the impacts that t heories such as labeling have on mickle (Yang, 2007p.1525). They are critical theories of ripe(p) wing such as the right realism, vernal right, and functionalism. They claim that companionable control agents, such as police, are fair, unbiased and just. Though the study conducted by Cicourel shows how these agents like police hold typifications steer to prophecy of ego fulfilling. Interactionism theory opposes theories of friendly structure held by theories of Right Wing. It has a effect that it gets free will instead of having a passive reaction to the ordination. It is cerebrated that populate stops interpreting a situation even before choosing which action to take.Sociologically, interactionism being a suppositious perspective derives neighborly processes like cooperation, conflict, and ain identity formation from human interaction (Nisbett, 2012p.109). It gives a study of how throng act within the familiarity. For the last half of the 21st century, interactionis m theory has become the some sociological perspective dominant in the world. Its development has been facilitated by an assist of subjectivity of societal humankind and pragmatism, George Herbert Mead. Later, Herbert Blumer reviewed Meads take a crap and invented symbolic interactionism theory. Interactionism has been subdivided into phenomenology, social action, ethnomethodology, symbolic interactionism, and social constructionism (Manzon, 2007p3).Interactions Interactionism is micro-sociological in nature. It has a belief that any center is obtained through individual interactions. Social interaction refers to a face-to-face process comprising of reactions, actions, and mutual adaptation existing between individuals (Gallagher, 2010p.441). The aim of social interaction is to facilitate communication between different mess. Control is an important hammer in the interaction process. During interaction, one must try to control the mien of other sight. This is important as it facilitates acquiring of information one is desire and controls ones own image. Presentation of self and social role is the most important concept in the field of interactionism.Interactionists are impacted in understanding individuals and their actions within the society (Farral, 2012 p.392). They do non look into with class as an issue they reject the nonion of generalizing that people from one social class thinks the same. They have a belief that every soul has different values, attitudes, culture and beliefs. They reject structuralism methods preferred by structuralisms on statistical data. These rejected methods include structured interviews, experiments, questionnaires, secondary sources and non- musician observation (Pr to each oneer, 2007p.188). They criticise that statistical data is invalid. They say that statistical data do non provide people with true societal picture on the topic under research.Secondly, they criticize that the research is not objective as it is biased. They conclude that the research is biased because of the hypothesis of a pre-set conclusion (Rosenhan, 2009 p.213). They counsel for several methods to contrast structuralism methods such as, unstructured interviews, overt participant observation, and covert participant observation. They also give a historical analysis, psycheal and existence documents through content analysis. Interactionists criticize that data provided are not reliable. This is because sociological research and information cannot be contrasted or compared.Despite their criticisms, interactionism methods are not flexible. Lack of hypotheses shows that a sociologist is not required natural endowment an take in charge of proving a theory or dogma instead they work on what they discover. This issuings to unreliable information as the sociologist is not allowed to have any premiss concerning the society. Research has also shown that interactions such as socialization affects and alters human lo ok (Pr eacher,2008p.879). This theory links us to other theories such as Neo-Marxism and pluralism.Pluralism It is a theory with an idea that public gets what they want. It has a notion that peoples lives offer choices such as re reachative democracy. Consumer choice is an idea that heart each has the ability as a consumer to change any vitality aspect if he/she wishes to do so (Gala, 2008 p.273). According to pluralism theory, reflection of the values, norms, and beliefs of the legal age exists. Interactionism theory exists in different forms that are social and symbolic interactionism. emblematic interactionism It emphasizes on the micro-processes by which people construct identities, meanings, and joint acts (Anderson, 2009p.373). It accentuates how interaction, symbols, and human fashion serve as the cornerstone of peoples social life. This theory is a sociological perspective with legion(predicate) influential areas of the discipline. It is mostly probatory in so cial psychology and micro sociology. It is a product of two key theorists, Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead.Basic approach and premises Symbolic interactionism has been apply as a label in a distinctive relative approach to the study of human conduct and human life. It has made earthly concern be seen as a social interaction developed with others. Symbolic Interactionists believe that physical verity exists through an individuals social renderings (Aram, 2009p.98). The theory has proved that people do not respond directly to the reality unless rather to the understanding of social reality. pitying beings therefore, exist in three a social reality, physical reality, and a unique reality (Becker, 2009p.29). Physical reality comprises of natural facts and material necessities. Unique reality shows a individuals ability to view things in a new way, do something unique, or make a unique discovery. Lastly, social reality shows that a person has a socialized world c onception such as economic structure and gender role. The theory has proved that two(prenominal)(prenominal) the society and individuals are two inseparable items. They are created through social interaction, and none can be tacit in the absence of the other (Ritzer, 2010p.896).Central ideas behind symbolic interactionism A person has to be understood as a social being. Constant search in the social interaction contributes to how human beings behave. Symbolic interactionism does not focus on the temper of a person or how society causes human behavior. Its focus is based on the activities taking place between doers (Charon, 2009 p.210). Individuals and society are both created through interaction. Social interaction serves as the central point of what a person does.A person has to be understood as a thinking being. Action of a human being is both an interaction among the individual and within the individual. Human ideas, attitudes or values are not as important as the consta nt active thinking process undergoing in a human being. The theory states that if a person wants to understand something, he or she must focus on thinking.A person does not sense his or her environment directly, but define his or her current situation. Even though the environment exists, what is important is how a person defines it. The definition does not happen randomly, but it is as a head of ongoing thinking and social interaction (Manzon, 2012 p.637).Human action is caused by the results of what is occurring in todays life. It results from the present thinking, social interaction, definition, and present definition (Ferback, 2011 p.677). These present activities lead to actions and not the past experience. Experience enters primarily to the present actions as we think about it and use it to define the present situation.Human beings are known to be active as far as their environment is concerned. In symbolic interaction, a human being is not described using words such as condit ioning, controlled, responding, formed, and imprisoned. Social-scientific perspectives describe human beings as active in what they do, but not passive to their milieu (Athens, 2013 p.408).Central interactions preceptsHuman sureness It is a principle that puts more than focus on willful, active, goal seeking character of human actors (cousins, 2008p.151). The emphasis of this principle focuses on the attention of those events, actions and social life moments. These agentic actions of a human agency are known to be palpable.Interactive determination It is a principle that specifies understanding focal analysis of the objects (Partington, 2009 p.366). It specifies the analysis whether they are identities, self-concepts, practices, roles, or even social movement. This means that the society, individual, self, or others exist only when related to each other thus they are fully understood through their interaction. symbolic representation It highlights the processes by w hich conditions and events, people, artifacts and other environmental characteristics with certain meanings become objects of orientation. A persons behavior is contingent partly on the meaning and symbol of the object of orientation (Preacher, 2010p.407).Emergence Its focus is on the attention of the non habituated and forward motion side of life. It focuses not only the texture and organization of social life, but also the associated feelings and meaning (Rouger, 2009 p.261). It emphasizes on the possibility of new forms of system meaning and social life together with the existing transformations.Criticisms Symbolic interactionism has always been criticized because of being over impressionistic in their methods of research. They have also been criticized for their theories being unsystematic. Critics argue that symbolic interactionism is not a single theory (Anderson, 2009 p.489). However, it operates as a framework of many theories. Some prominent theorists criticize the theory cod to lack of testability which creates a trouble when using the theory. These problems made the interactionism theory dwell are relegated to a minority position in the field of sociologists. hurtle work and theories Some of its critiques are based on the fact that it is simulated to be a theory, but it does not have a wide-cut basis of a theory. Its framework is too general and broad that creates a problem when theorists are seeking a theory. According to Stryker (2003 p.123), symbolic interaction is not a theory but rather a theoretical framework.Social structure It is a theory that is always connected and related to social structure. The study suggests that it is used in constructing social reality of people (Ritzer, 2010p.837). There exist many factors and aspects that surround symbolic interactionism theory. These aspects include critical issues of sociology and methodological criticisms.Strengths of interactionism theory Interactionist theory is mostl y based on the work of George Herbert an American psychologist and a philosopher. It takes an assumption that people bring out how to react and act to different circumstances concerning their societal interactions. It attributes cooperation, conflict and identity beliefs of how people get the picture others around them. It is attributed to the following strengths/ advantages.For teachers It suggests that learners within similar cultural settings view many ideas in the same way. Teachers apply this similarity as a advantage when planning for a lesson. Through the use of different ways of giving instruction instead of books, teachers are able to incorporate culture and society in the classrooms (Denzin, 2012p.121). It helps students to retain the content as the materials used by the students are more appealing overdue to their similarities.Modeling The theory indicates that learning happens with more ease if learners are subjected to constant demonstration of the content t hey are to learn (Kinney, 2010 p.896). These demonstrations are conflict resolution, speech and perceptions. It suggests that a learner in a class of foreign language has an advantage of learning materials if there is a consistent repetition of the language.Generational consistency Learning through acquaintance takes place on cultural generations where younger members emulate their elders. This is a returns of interactionism theory. It helps in maintaining dialects, cultural traditions and ways of life (Preacher, 2010p.916). Using this theory, children are able to learn how to speak from their parents and grandparents.Ability to change The theory bases the ability of people to learn from their surrounding and culture. The advantage behind this idea is that all people are responsible of their own abilities. The theory states that people acquire fellowship through observation ( newfoundburn, 2010p.310). It suggests that everyone who wishes to become intelligent, he or she s hould move to areas with more people who are academically minded and interact with them.Weakness of interactionism theory This theory is based on the principles and assumptions of symbolic interactionism. These assumptions include the meaning obtained when people interact with others. People responds to things and to other people according to the meanings attached to them (Denzin, 2012 p.369). The problem of this theory is that it is unable to explain where people obtain the meaning of these symbols. some other weakness is that the theory emphasizes more on symbols that may be interpret wrongly or differently.Labeling theory It is a theory indicating how individuals behavior and self-identity may be influenced or determined by the legal injury used to classify or describe them (Reeves, 2009 p.631). It is a theory associated with concepts of stereotyping and self-fulfilling prophecy. It emphasizes that deviance is not inherent to an act. Its focus is based on the way peopl e label others from their standards of cultural norms. Some developments concerning the theory have been made since 1970s. wrong applied in this theory are related to disability, deviance or diagnosis of mental disorder has been rejected. This theory is closely related to symbolic-interaction and social-construction analysis.Mostly, this theory concerns itself, not with roles that are normal and defines peoples lives, but with fussy roles provided by the society for gradetic roles, deviant roles, or social stigma (Bernburg, 2010p.68). Social roles refer to set expectations people have about a certain behavior. They are necessary for the functioning of any organization or a society. Researchers found that roles that are deviant affect how people discern the ones assigned those roles. They also have an impact of on how the deviant actor sees himself and how he is related to the society.Moral panics This refers to an intense feeling that is expressed in a population concerning an issue appearing to threaten the normal social order (Critcher, 2009 p.17). Study shows that it occurs when episode, person, condition or group of people is outlined as a threat to interests and societal values. In reality, they are the controversies involving social tension and arguments where disagreement becomes difficult as its center matter is a taboo. Moral panics are associated with several distinct characteristics.The first is a concern which states that awareness must be made indicating that the groups behavior has negative effects to the society.HostilityThis indicates that the hostility of the group in question increases resulting to a clear division.ConsensusThough the concern in moral panics does not have to be widespread, a nationwide acceptance of the group in question is required as it gives a real threat to society. volatility They are highly volatile indicating that their chances of disappearing are very high. This is due to a wane in the news report or publi c interests changing to a different topic.Structural-functionalism theory It refers to a framework used in constructing a theory that perceives society being a involved system combining work together to promote stability and solidarity (Danaldson, 2009 p.1). It is an approach that views society in a macro-level orientation. This gives a broad focus relating to social structures that shape the whole society believing that it evolved like organisms. It is an approach that examines both social functions and social structure. It addresses the role of societys constituent elements as a whole which include customs, norms, traditions, and institutions. The theory was intended to give a description of a level in the social science methodological development, but not a specified school of thought. Its approach is a macro sociological analysis which focuses broadly on social structures pliant the whole society.Conflict theory It is a sociological perspective that emphasizes on polit ical, social, or material inequality of a given social group (Dutton, 2010 p.680).They draw attention relating to power differentials such as class conflict, and it is used to give a general contrast concerning dominant historical ideologies. It analyzes the society at the macro-level like structural functionalism. It is a set out theory for highlighting inherent ideological aspects that are inherent in handed-down thought.Conclusively, different theories have given different causes of artifacts and events. Among the discussed theories in the essay, interactionism theory appears to be the most wide and broad form of theory. These theories have been viewed by different sociologists where some are recommended, and others criticized. Interactionism is the most criticized the theory as a result of its weaknesses in providing reliable information. This theory has also been attributed to some advantages that are secure to both the teacher and learners. Sustaining cultural norms and trad itions has also been facilitated by development of theories. Theories should be made clear and precise to avoid creating confusions to the members of the society.ReferencesThomas, M. (2011).The autonomy myth a theory of dependency. New York New Press.Partington, R. (2009). An introduction to interactionsm theory.Cullompton, Devon, UK WillanPub.Leeman, K. (2010). Theory of knowledge. Boulder Westview Press.Ritzer, G., & Nibset, J. (2010).Modern sociological theory (7th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Higher Education.Manson, R. (2009). Social theory continuity and meeting a reader. Peterborough, Ont. Broadview Press.Gallagher, J. (2009). Social interactionism an introduction, an interpretation, an integration. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 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New York Oxford University Press.Danaldson, D. (2009). Structural functionalism theory. . Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications.Dutton, D. (2010). Reading Assessment conflict theory, causes, and impacts..Chichester Wiley.Source document

Status Quo

growing and retaining exceedingly qualified teachers continues to be a critical exact (Berry, 2004 Darling-Hammond & Sykes, 2003). As more teachers retire and school populations continue to grow, an increasing number of schools, universities, and states argon implementing programs to ease induction, develop quality teachers, and inform educational practices. Therefore, many educators ar now turning to action explore to achieve these goals.The purpose of Grogan, Donaldson, & Simmons (2007) member Disrupting the Status Quo is to lease an argument that unlike traditional research, action research encourages school personnel to systematically develop a question, gather data, and whence analyze that data to improve their practice. The word addresses the key question to the rightness and relevance of educational leaders undertaking action research projects as the capstone of their doctoral studies (Grogan, Donaldson, & Simmons, 2007).The most important passaway in this article i s that traditional educational preparation programs and the hierarchical structure of public schools break away to perpetuate compliance and maintenance of the status quo. Furthermore, there is a need for transformative learning to help leaders deconstruct conformity to the many kind and cultural canons, which have permeated U. S. schools to the detriment of our students.The seeds believe that an action research thesis and mentoring is an essential component in any educational leadership computer program that aspires to foster the critical, reflective learning that is the hallmark of human and organizational transformation. Gilles & Cramer (2003) supports a combination of appropriate coursework and mentoring help new teachers transition quickly into solid, thoughtful, and strategic teachers. The key concept we need to understand is that action research and the event that the Ed.D is a professional degree does not minimize the luridness or prestige in comparison to a Ph. D. Si nce the research, focus of an Ed. D is different from that of a Ph. D, action research focuses on generating knowledge that is workable, make sense, and is credible in more than one setting as oppose to acquiring knowledge for its own sake (Grogan, Donaldson, & Simmons, 2007). The main assumption that the author is making is that there has to be a change in hallow to transform the learning process. If we take this line of reasoning serious thusly there should be no kid left behind.The new propagation of educational leaders will also have the tools needed to recollect critically, identify and solve problems facing their institution of higher learning. If we fail to take this line of reasoning seriously, we could end up in worse scotch and educational status. Berry, B. (2004). Recruiting and retaining highly qualified teachers for hard-to-staff schools. NASSP Bulletin, 88(638), 5-27. Darling-Hammond, L. & Sykes, G. (2003). Wanted A national teacher supply policy for education Th e right way to meet the highly qualified teacher challenge.Education Policy Analysis Archives, 11(33). Retrieved 22 July 2011 from http//epaa. asu. edu/epaa/v11n33/v11n3 Gilles, C. & Cramer, M. (2003, April). The impact of school-university partnerships on classroom teachers and their teaching. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational investigate Association, Chicago, IL. Grogan M. , Donaldson, J. & Simmons J. (2007, May 19). Disrupting the Status Quo The Action Research Dissertation as a Transformative Strategy. Retrieved from http//cnx. org/content/m14529/1. 2/.

Federal Mandates Essay

Through out the 1930s, contentism began to grow along with an increase power towards federal official grants and sanctions due to the effects of the Depression. During the New Deal the overbearing Court ruled that national spending was not limited to sound specific grants any more. The national establishment now had the power to grant, fund, and polity currency to any offer under what conditions they choose. Currently Congress squeeze out imply considerable ascendance over the states by placing federal money to particular federal orders. Over the past 25 years Federalism has dramatic every(prenominal)y changed as a result of an increase in federal rules. scratch line with Jimmy Carter trying to decease the government to Creative Federalism, he wanted to give federal aid to poor communities and to use public monetary resource to promote private investment for certain problems patch trying to give a partnership between state and national government.On the early(a) h and, Ronald Reagan reigned against big government during his four-year term from 1981-1988. In the end he subvertd national spending towards states, which made umpteen American citizens very unhappy. prexy George Bush stepped into to office next with a plan to continue with Reagans downsizing of government. While trying to carry out this goal, Bush get down welf are spending, change magnitude education programs and environmental protection, while increases in the constitute of Medicaid rose, leading to a national grant increase. Bill Clinton reversed the administration when he signed the Executive Order 13803, which allows for federal intervention in policy matters with state and local government. Many agreed that this order hard eroded federalism. Through out the past 25 years, the estimations of governmentgrants and mandates founder varied almost from each president. With Clinton in office he increased under-funded federal mandates to states. These changes behave caused Federalism to change as well, with the age-old question quiet down pondering in the minds of Americans, who actually has the most power, the states or national government?In 1990 a federal mandate was passed called the Americans with damage Act The Federal Law makes it wicked for employers to break on thebasis of a disablement. It makes it illegal for an employer to discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability in job application process, hiring, discharge of employee, job training, and other terms. Also all businesses must make accommodation for employees with a disability. In addition, it is unlawful to discriminate against a person who is perceived to have a disability, that is if the employer believes one is disabled, regular(a) though he is not, and still discriminates against him.The Federal Government issued this mandate in order to ensure that all American citizens have the same advantages. Although a citizen might be disabled, it does not mean that he or she is in capable of working. It is unfair to discriminate against a person with a disability when our country was founded on treating all citizens with equality and ensuring uniform rights for all. Enforcing this act would reduce the number of citizens needing welfare and decrease the unemployment rate.Many mandates affect both the state and local government budgets. Several mandates are associated with federal grant-in-aid programs, where money is paying to state and local governments for programs or activities the federal government wants to promote. While company in these programs is voluntary, the offer of federal money often is too tempting for states to refuse. For example, the federal government pays about $250 million annually for atomic number 25 highways. However, the money haves with requirements, such(prenominal) as lane width and pavement thickness. separate mandates apply to both government and the private sector these include the occupational Safety and Heal th Administration and the Americans With Disabilities Act.These two mandates are costly and come with no financial assistance. Private sectors include small business such as my fathers very own physical therapy clinics. In 1990 when the law was past, he had to make accommodations for disabled citizens. Although my father does treat many disable citizens already, he had to make further modification to his clinics such as even larger bathrooms, special equipment, and wheelchair ramps to meet the federal mandate standards while funding the project by himself.If the government were to remove this federal mandate, the Americans with Disability Act, many consequences would follow. This act enables allcitizens a chance to earn a job. With this mandate the government is ensuring the same equal rights to all Americans. Also with the mandate doctors are not allowed to say if a patient is able to return to work or not after being disabled . The doctors are now only authorized to state the pati ents limitations, it is up to the employer to claim if the patient is unable to work. This one factor allows more citizens with disabilities to work. If the mandate were removed then fewer citizens would return to work, due to the fact that doctors would have to title all patients disabled if they had any sort of limitation.The increase of federal mandates does show that the national governments are taking control over the states governments, which defeats the idea of Federalism. When using a federal system of government, both the state and the national government are suppose to SHARE power. Federal mandates work against the commentary of true Federalism. Mandates do not contribute to the sharing of powers. Federal mandates control states. The states do not have a chose to participate in the mandate or not. Therefore, federal mandates drive our country away from the ideas of Federalism.

American who art thou?

I realize lived to see the croak warrior of the wise race of the Mohicans laments Tamenund ( cooper 382) in the book prevail of the Mohicans. The death of Uncas and Cora marks the end of the Mohican stack. Chingachgook indeed outlived Uncas his son unless he is now childless and his people will now pass into allegory and song. Ironically, the people described by Cooper in his book ar Mohicans (Britanica). But their names rightly belong to another community know as the Mohegan (Britanica). The adventures of Uncas shed light on the true meaning of American.An American is a truly difficult to define creature. The US constitution defines asAll soulfulnesss born or naturalized in the unify States, and issue to the jurisdiction thereof, atomic number 18 citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall have got or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any State deprive any pe rson of life, liberty, or property, without out-of-pocket process of law nor deny to any person indoors its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. (Section 1)US citizenship, for those who be not born with it, is amazingly hard to acquire. however thousands of people from the third-world will try e very course of instruction to gain entry. America is believed to be the land of milk and honey. Millions more would campaign to enter if they only had the means. All seek the freedom and liberty promised by the Statute of Liberty to the Huddled masses.Those who are not Natural innate(p) American Citizens can aspire to receive visa to work in the States. If fortune smiles upon them they can be granted citizenship after proving themselves to be equitable law abiding people. This to a fault in tales absorbing American value and ethics although compared to other nations America has a high tolerance for those who issue out of the box and the non-con stochastic variableists.Media can often be used to honour or even create a new identity for a people. For example, Nazi propaganda transformed the innocent Jews into the demons who were behind all the ills of the world. The book last of the Mohicans and the painting last of the Dogmen are examples, of how media can be used to form a countrys sense of identity.In the movie net of the Dogmen, Lewis Gates pursues escaped convicts into the Montana countryside. All he rec everywheres are a few scraps of cloth, some blood and an aged(prenominal) fashioned Indian arrow. Despite the doubts of scientist, Gates believed that the there is a disordered Indian tribe somewhere out there. Working on a hunch the Indian arrow leads him down a trail of pursuit of a lost tribe of Dog Soldiers. He eventually encounters the Dog soldiers and they believe him to be their foe. Upon his escape he essays to protect them from being discovered and polluted by civilization.In the movie the American was defined as a homegrown American , one of the Dog Soldiers whose ancestors once roamed the plains of America free and untamed by todays mores. The noble savage is worthy of protection from the misdirect influence of mainstream society.By comparison the Last of the Mohicans is about a Mohican caught in the French-English war in Canada. The French are trying to overwhelm arm William Henry with the aid of the Hurons and the Iroquis. Hawkeye is condition the task of escorting the com opusders two daughters to safety by onetime(prenominal) the Indians. On the road they encounter Chingachgook and Uncas the last of the Mohicans in the region. The plot of Hawkeyes guide is currently exposed the guide betrays the company and the two Mohicans insure to be their guides.In the forest, Hawkeye, the Mohicans and their charges face many perils including many Indians who are tenacious the woods in search of them. nonpareil of the members of the group is wounded by a sniper and they are soon immobilized. The group hides in a countermine but a flushed out by a very much larger party of Hurons. Now prisoners of the Hurons they are granted a circumstances at freedom if Cora would but consider to marry Magua.Haughty Cora refuses and soon the enraged Magua decides that the entire party should just die. At that very moment, the Mohicans and Hawkeye ardor rescuing the captives and slaughtering the Hurons. Magua escapes but the captives are now safe. Eventually they stop at an old building where a lot of Mohicans died and where Chingachgook and Hawkeye fought together. Soon they are finally within the forts walls and are safe.In the fort, Duncan wonders how the fort can find out off so many attackers. Their only hope is for Webb to arrive with reinforcements. Duncan is move as an emissary to the French commander Montcalm. All this succeeds in doing is let Duncan know that the Frech are aware of the dire plight of the English Fort. The commanders, Montcalm and rice beer eventually meet and Montcalm hands Munro a letter lucubrate how Webb is unable to send reinforcement. He asks the English to surrender. Munro naturally abhors surrender, but upon hearing the generous terms offered by the Frenchman agrees to sign a treaty. relaxation it seems is achieved.But not all are pleased with the accord. Magua is indignant in claiming that his warriors will have no scalps while the white men fuck off friends. While the English are fleeing from Fort William Henry the Hurons attack kill many innocent people. Cora is found by Magua and again he asks for her to be his wife but again she refused. So Magua captures Alice instead.A bear bm goes horribly wrong when Duncan, Uncas and Hawkeye go to the Huron Village. Uncas is caught and is at the mercy of the Huron. This time the rescue goes well as Duncan is able to rescue Uncas. After a side-trip among the Delaware who are overjoyed at seeing Uncas, a Mohican. Uncas prepares his forces to attack the Hurons. In the contest that follows Magua is k illed, Cora is also killed but ere the battle is ended Uncas too dies.Oddly, enough Coopers view of Mohican Indian is wildly at variance with the movie version. Coopers Mohicans are musket carrying warrior who could fight equally well as the atomic number 63ans they traveled with. By comparison Wyeth portrays Uncas with a dagger, a tomahawk, and a give in and arrow-weapons of precolonial warfare and the customary attributes of an Indian brave. Coopers Uncas suggests the complexity of the characters em slurment as a conventionally educated, English-speaking American Indian, Wyeth generalizes and romanticizes the Indian heros appearance. Wyeths version simply conforms to his understanding of American Indians, which was tightly bound to the deification of an untamed wilderness.Hawkeye is the books consummate American, he is the friend of Chingchagook. In chapter three of the Indians struggle for identity is first given shape. He was of unmixed blood and his tribe is the grandfather of nations. In the past his people fought the Iroquis, who were now mercenaries at the employ of the French, However, now the tribe is gloomy and only Uncas his son remains of the Mohicans. Uncas and Chingchagook are firmly with the English as they are prepared to die fighting the Iroquis. Also in this chapter is the interplay of ideas and doctrines amidst Chingchagook and Hawkeye. This would later be an important ideal of Americans. The free exchange of ideas and belief or the so called Marketplace of ideas.another(prenominal) example of the struggle was the diversity Cora Munro suffered as opposed to the respect that Alice Munro received. Both were the daughters of a prominent military commander but because of Coras skin show and heritage she is looked down upon. Although later in the story she would fall in love with Uncas.An American is one who can identify with the values and moral philosophy of the American people in General. It is the question of what those values are that is problematic. One of the first defining events of being an American was Declaration of independence. As indite by Thomas Jefferson the American people believed that All men are created free and equal under God. Previous to the declaration, Americans were salve very much under the heel of the primitive feudal system they hereditary from the British. The King, three thousand miles away ruled their lives by fiat. His lords and nobles ran roughshod over his subjects. This same struggle for equality is seen when Chingchagook and Hawkeye are discussing the differences between the English and the Mohicans.Another related event was the Civil war. The ideal of free and equal was prescribe to the test. Till then it was a hypocrisy, the US claimed that its people lived in equality. Yet in the Southern States nearly 1/3 of all people were strivers who had no civil and political rights.The black man was a slave unfitting even of the title man, he toiled in the cotton plantations inte rminably providing wealth for the arrogant white masters. Tens of Thousands would die before the African-American could pullulate part and received citizenship in the country. An example, of this variety is when Cora rejects Maguas offer to be his wife. In exchange for the freedom of the thralls. Still Cora refuses because even if she was a Quadroon she still held herself better than the filthy Indian Magua.However, even with the Emancipation declaration, the black man was still relegated to a second class citizen. It was not until Martin Luther King junior came forth daring violence and persecution in order end the discrimination and bigotry that plagued African Americans in the south. The struggle for equality can also been seen in the desire of Magua to be wed to Cora where Cora constantly refuses him because of his inferior stock. In the past, there were laws in place, particularly in the south, which prevented a black person from marrying a white person.Manifest Destiny, tha t doctrine that said that America should din to the Pacific and beyond was another important even that helped change the American Identity. The Expansion to the west would come at the expense of Mexicans and Indians who would lose their lands. In that point of history a great influx of Irish, Germans and other European immigrants came to America to seek the freedom promised by the Statute of liberty. They were soon welded into the American people and brought their work ethic and industry to the increase the vigor of the rise Hercules that was the Union.The World Wars are another defining event in American History because the US having gained prominence among nations was now ready to take its place among the stars. America sent legions of its finest youths to go forth and fight in Europe and Asia for the defense of the weak and innocent against those who would oppress them. The same way Uncas was volition to endanger himself for the sake of foreigners he barely knew.The American i dentity remains vague and hard to define. Literature and other media can help press and expound it. But ultimately it must shine forth from the message of every American Citizen. Simply, put an American is one who lives and breathes the American ideals. In a sense Hawkeye was an American because he respected the views of those who were not in concurrence with his. He also fought hard for the protection of the weak and innocent. Finally, he was a true friend to his allies.Works CitedCooper, James The Last of the Mohicans. Edwards Brothers Inc 2006 EdMohican (history), Encyclopdia Britannica, 2007, webpage EB-Mohicans. (Last accessed 11 Dec 2007)Mohegan (history), Encyclopdia Britannica, 2007, webpage EB-Mahican. (Last accessed 11 Dec 2007)U.S. Constitution.Micheals, Joel B The Last of the Dogmen 8 Sept 1995WYETHS NOBLE SAVAGE Sep/Oct 2007. Vol. 28, Iss. 5 pg. 23, 1 pgs

Jane Eyre Is a Romantic Novel

Jane Eyre squirt intimately be classified as a amatory apologue. The term romanticistic usually brings to mind images of love , however, it is much more than that. It is filled with sense and freedom and can also be seen as the main troth of the narrative because that is what the char pieceers central struggles evolve around which is why Jane Eyre which can tardily be classified as a romantic novel. Throughout the novel romance can be portrayed in many slipway such as Berthas acts of arson. She is known as the madwoman in the attic and prepare Mr Rochester through hideous and degrading agonies as she went against Victorian morals and drilled adultery.This act of madness cause Jane to save Mr Rochester, and when Jane extinguishes the literal flames it can be seen as a metaphor for the new ones she is about to kindle with Rochester. Berthas arson symbolizes her using the power of sexuality to destroy Rochesters home however she has unintentially receptive a new chapter of love in his life sentence. Sharing the secret of the fervidness brings them both closer and their increased closeness causes Mr Rochesters romantic feelings towards Jane to grow, at long last resulting in him proposing to Jane adding to the romantic element of the plot.When Jane learns that Mr Rochester is already married she has to take on the rough decisiveness of wether to leave him and her life at thornfield behind or not. Mrs Fairfax clear warns Jane of the disagreements she is bound to present with Rochester when she explains to her Gentlemen in his station are not prone to marrying their governesses. Jane wishing to uphold the super acid life of a governess does not make her love Mr Rochester any less but it does create dangerous tensity between them.The tense atmosphere now created may possibly sum to Janes choice to run away from Thornfield which we see later in the story is the path she needed to choose in order to wait the life she longed for with Mr Rochester. On the other hand, her decision may not have been made on the terms that it was morally wrong in order of magnitude to be with a married man, the motive behind it was more in all likelihood to be based on her own emotions and love for Rochester. My hand locomote towards the lock I caught it back and glided on, this conveys that Jane had powerful feelings for Rochester and could not commit to a man who could not fully commit to her.She has let her core over rule her mind and the stubborn tone here high spots that Jane knows she is devising the right decision as her emotions always benefit her. This intensity of emotions conveys that Jane Eyre can be easily classified as a romantic novel. The decision to leave Mr Rochester adds to the romantic element of the novel as it leads Jane down a path that will have her make decisions that will majorly effect her consequent in life and love. As she moves on to Moor house and meets St. John, he proposes to marry her as she would make th e perfect married woman for the missionary life that he leads.The entire reason this shocking marriage is proposed is because St. John firm thinks that God and nature intended for a missionarys wife. This occurs only because St. John notices that Jane fits the role of a missionary wife and a wife would aid him in pursuing his ultimate goal, to live the common life of a missionary. He does not take Janes feelings into consideration and she refuses this lifestyle. The lifestyles of a governess, missionary, and member of high society cause conflicts that have a significant effect on the romantic plot of Jane Eyre. Furthermore like St.John, Janes heart belongs to roughone else and she uses harsh imagery to project her emotions and refer to him as a stranger unsympathizing alien and refuses this proposal. Women in the 18th hundred were expected to marry in order to make something of themselves as they had no other role to play in society, so some may have considered this refusal fool ish as Jane would have to live a life of solitude and become an outcast. However, Janes refusal of a secure and arouse life causes her to follow her heart and once again persue her beloved Mr Rochester which is a crucial part of the romantic plot.The consequence of the romantic idea of followers your emotions evokes changes in Janes life that effects the entire plot of the story, highlight that Jane Eyre can be easily classified as a romantic novel. Overall it is the romantic elements that Bronte uses such as the power of emotions and moral conflicts that causes Jane Eyre to be classified as a romantic novel. They effect the path in which Jane takes and are crucial to the romantic plot of the story which makes the novel crotchety to others.

Industrial and Personnel Psychology Essay

1. Personal biographical characteristics of subscriber line ar factor outs that describe an soul. Factors such(prenominal) as age, gender, marital status and kick upstairs. These characteristics ease up an involve on the attitudes that an individual whitethorn assume towards work and pendant variable such as productivity, absenteeism, and offer everyplace and employment gladness. The relationship surrounded by age and suppose carrying out is of enceinte importance beca implement it is believed that job per playance moderates as age increases. Though non all(prenominal) employers apply perceptual experiences of one clock(a) employees.From a positive perspective it is noted that former(a) employees lose more than experience, judgment, ethics and commitment. In addition, with aged(a) employees, labour turnover is reduced. Beca delectation of their longer advance deep down the organization they bunk to enjoy increased wages, pension and umpteen other benefit s and ar at that placefore less belike to leave. With regards to absenteeism and older employees, the certainty is however mixed. Although there are decreases in avoidable absenteeism rates compared to jr. employees, there is an increase in unavoidable rates due to scurvy health due to age, and longer recovery periods.However from a ban point it is noted that older employees lack flexibility, there is a decrease in their productivity due to decreased speed, agility, strength and co-ordination and resistance to turn in a changing environment. Consequently, organizations are reluctant to hire older employees. In addition, they tend to retrench them first when it comes to downsizing. Gender in job performance has no evidence that it affects job atonement. However there is a difference in work schedules because women mostly prefer part eon work or work flexibility due to family responsibilities.With regards to absenteeism women usually suck up a higher rate of absenteeism than men as women traditionally direction for the family. For example when children are sick, it is the mothers who tend to take off work in order to take care of such sick children. Married employees loosely have a decrease in absenteeism, turnover and an increase in job triumph. This whitethorn be due to increased responsibilities. With regards to province tenure, there is a positive relationship between seniority and job performance and a negative relationship between tenure and absenteeism.That is an increase in tenure and seniority tends to lead to better performance and an increase in tenure to lead to decrease in turnover. People are organizations most valuable and expensive resource, but they are the most hard-fought element of an organization to manage. Individuals are almost infinitely several(predicate), they act other than in different circumstances and are, in many ways, entirely unpredictable. This doer that, unlike machines, they are not interchangeable or able to be easily designed to do the jobs required of them.In terms of the organization, what we are interested in is the way in which people behave at work-that they perform effectively in pursuit of the organisations goals. The starting point for this is an commiserateing of what makes people behave in the way they do. Although psychologists do not agree on a single description of temper, there is some consensus that it is concerned with characteristics patterns of behavior and modes of ciphering that specify a persons adjustment to the environment (Hilgard et al 1979108). Two features of the above definition are noteworthy.In the first place, the word characteristic suggests a spot of performance in temperament. In the second place, environment suggests that face-to-faceity is displayed in a mixer and physical context. Beyond this consensus, there is a great deal disagreement over the development, structure and dynamics of ainity. The correct edition and use of the results o f disposition measures and tests depends a great deal on the possibleness or approach on which the instruments are based. Without this knowledge, the description of personality whitethorn well be miused. reputation can therefore be referred to a dynamic concept describing the growth and development of a persons whole psychological system. It looks at the whole person rather than at the sum of the individual parts. It is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his or her unique adjustments to his or her environment. An altogether different approach to personality concentrates on identifying and classifying those features that individuals may share. The different categories or types serve to emphasise the similarities within each group and the differences between the groups.These attempts to classify personality features are frequently referred to as the type or trait approach. There are a number of personality determinants, nam ely, Heredity, the surroundings, or the Situation. Heredity is the process of transmitting biologic traits from parent to exit through genes, the basic units of heredity. Heredity likewise refers to the genetic characteristics of an individual, including traits such as height, mettle color, and blood type. Heredity accounts for why offspring look like their parents when two dogs mate, for example, they have puppies, not kittens.If the parents are both Chihuahuas, the puppies result also be Chihuahuas, not great Danes or Labrador retrievers. The puppies may be a fiddling taller or shorter, a little igniter or a lot heavier than their parents are. Their faces may look a little different, or they may have different talents and temperaments. In all the principal(prenominal) characteristics, howeverthe number of limbs, ar chemical chainment of organs, general size, fur typethey will share the traits of their parents. The principles of heredity hold true not only for a puppy but also for a virus, a roundworm, a pansy, or a human.Genetics is the take apart of how heredity works and, in item, of genes. A gene is a section of a long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, and it carries info for the construction of a protein or part of a protein. Through the novelty of proteins they code for, genes influence or determine such traits as eye color, the ability of a bacterium to eat a certain sugar, or the number of peas in a pod. A virus has as hardly a(prenominal) as a dozen genes. A simple roundworm has 5000 to 8000 genes, part a corn plant has 60,000.The construction of a human requires an estimated 50,000 genes. Personality characteristics are not completely dictated by heredity however, as otherwise they would remain the same throughout life despite the experiences we have. Environment is referred to all of the external factors affecting an organism. These factors may be other vivification organisms (biotic factors) or nonliving variables (abiotic fact ors), such as temperature, rainfall, day duration, wind, and ocean currents. The interactions of organisms with biotic and abiotic factors form an ecosystem.Even minute changes in any one factor in an ecosystem can influence whether or not a feature plant or animal species will be successful in its environment. Organisms and their environment constantly interact, and both are changed by this interaction. Like all other living creatures, humans have clearly changed their environment, but they have done so generally on a grander scale than have all other species. Some of these human-induced changessuch as the destruction of the demesnes tropical rain forests to create farms or grazing land for cattlehave led to adapted climate patterns.In turn, altered climate patterns have changed the way animals and plants are distributed in different ecosystems. Scientists study the long-term consequences of human actions on the environment, while environmentalistsprofessionals in various fields, as well as concerned citizensadvocate ways to lessen the impact of human activity on the natural world. Situation is one of the determinants of personality which influences the effect of heredity and environment on personality. Personality, which is generally stable, much changes in different situations.For example, we may behave very differently at a party with our friends as opposed to how we would do at a social gathering of work colleagues and our managers.2. pose refers to an opinion or general sprightliness nigh something. emplacements are, essentially looks towards people or things. How people feel, what they believe, what they intend to do, and whether and how they do it may all be connected, and may all be colligate to the process of perception. To try to reduce the confusion in this area over the use of words and concepts such as feelings and beliefs, Fishbein (19670 put forward the pursuance hierarchical model.Beliefs What we think about people, things, relations hips etc My work provides no altercate Attitudes affectional responses to those people, things, relationships etc. I see work only as a means to getting money Intentions Congnitive states I will look for my challenge in my leisure time Behavior or Action evident events I take up mountaineering Attitudes are learned. They derive from our personal reaction to development and events, which manifest themselves as beliefs and feelings about a particular subject.We learn many of our attitudes when we are very young. They are conditioned by those around us and the conditions or situations in which we find ourselves. Some-particularly feelings-are so squiffy that they stay with stay with us and affect us for the rest of our lives. The range of influences is complex, but it includes the following * The groups to which we belong-most notably, in early life, the family, but also association groups, work groups * Education * Life experiences- particularly the most profound personal ones suc h as bereavement, etc. but also those experiences which we observe e. g on Tv, or read about. We are aware, too, that our attitudes change over time as a result of the influence of the above factors. For example, it is very often the case that young people have more liberal attitudes than older people, but as they enter work and acquire family and financial commitments and responsibilities they tend to become more conservative. One of the key elements of management in organizations is how to modify or change peoples behaviour.This is central to such features as motivation, securing effective performance, introducing change, etc. whilst as noted above, attitudes do not necessarily condition behaviour, and they are a significant determinant. In organizations, managers use attitude survey to measure and thereby predict behaviour. Managers use information gathered in attitude surveys to guide them in decisions relative to employees. Attitude surveys elicit responses from employees throu gh questionnaires about how they feel about their jobs, work- groups, supervisors and or the organization.Attitude surveys provide managers with valuable feedback on how workers distinguish working conditions, and alert them to problems or employee intentions early so that action can be taken in time. Increasingly, attitudinal surveys are being used within organizations to find out about the potential reactions of staff to particular courses of action (for example, organizational change) or to form judgments about their suitability for particular posts (in a similar way to how personality tests are used).Operational methods for attitude surveys generally seek to measure drop components for each belief. Thus, attitudes to work could be measured as follows * Strength of feeling about the job itself. The strength with which various attitudes are held about different aspects of the job which are listed, measured on perhaps a sevener point scale, from agree on the whole through neutr al to disagree totally. * Value of job to self. Evaluating various aspects of the job, again, but in relation to its marrow to the individual. * Social factors.Attitudes and behaviour do not depend on knowledgeable perceptions alone, but also upon surrounding social pressures-the persons perceptions of what others think he/she should do. The social factors must be investigated in order to understand all the factors determining behaviour. * Overall attitude An overall assessment of the answerings attitudes to the contex of the job and to work itself, for example, the value and meaning it has in his/ her life. This is a useful measure as it allows more generalized attitudes to the job to be explored. * Intended behaviourPotential reactions to different scenarios about the job or its context. Although hypothetical, this prediction makes an interesting correlation with actual behaviour. Surveys must have a very clear specification of what they are seeking to measure. Just as with per sonality tests, there is the ever present danger that the way in which questions are phrased, or the underlying assumptions made, will influence the outcome. Job satisfaction and its opposite, job dissatisfaction, refer to the attitudes and feelings job holders have towards their work.Morale can be viewed as a state of mind subject on the dependent on the degree of job satisfaction experienced by an individual or group. There is general agreement that job dissatisfaction can have harmful effects on both job holders and the organization. Research has associated job dissatisfaction with all the indicators of low morale-high labour turnover, skills wastage, absenteeism, high accident rates, poor timekeeping and a lack of commitment to quality. An individual with low job satisfaction may suffer frustration and stress.Although stress may arise from many quarters, it is the softness to deal with and manage stress that afflicts the individual who suffers job dissatisfaction. Job satisfac tion is determined by a number of factors namely, mentally challenging work, honest rewards, corroborative working conditions, and supportive colleagues. Research has shown that employees prefer jobs that give them opportunities to use their abilities and skills. Characteristics such as freedom, feedback and a variety of tasks make work mentally challenging and allow employees to feel pleasure and satisfaction.On other hand, jobs that are not mentally challenging create boredom, frustration and feelings of failure. Employees want rewards (e. g. pay, promotions) that they perceive as just and in line with their expectations. Satisfaction will get if pay is seen as based on job demands, skill and fellowship standards. It is not the actual amount of pay that counts, but rather the perception of fairness. Individuals that also perceive promotional decisions as fair will be job agreeable. Employees are concerned with working conditions that are comfortable and that alter one to do an optimal job.Environmental factors such as temperature, light, ruffle should not be too extreme. Factors such as proximity to home, cleanliness, technology and adequate tools, help increase job satisfaction. As well as tangible achievements, employees also work for social interaction. Therefore having friendly and supportive co-workers and tiptops also lead to increased job satisfaction. On many cause managers interest in job satisfaction centers on its effect on employee performance. Therefore studies have been made to identify the relationships between satisfaction and performance. create studies in particular have focused on the effect of satisfaction on the dependent variables such as Productivity, Absenteeism and Turnover. There is no truly proof that satisfaction leads to productivity. The saying a happy worker is a productive worker is wishful thinking. Often productivity leads to satisfaction and not the other way around. Productivity leads to increase in rewards, rec ognition, which in turn increases satisfaction. Satisfaction may lead to productivity on an organization train rather than on an individual level. Dissatisfied workers are more likely to be absent.This relationship can be affected however by sick leave benefits which might encourage workers to be absent. While satisfied employees are less likely to leave work. This can however be affected by, labour market conditions, expectations about alternative job offers and length of tenure. Level of satisfaction is less important in predicting turnover for superior employees as more effort is made to keep these individuals. Satisfaction-turnover relationship is also affected by the individuals disposition towards life. If two people are dissatisfied the positive one is more likely to leave.